Low-Level Design (LLD) & Machine Coding Interview Prep | Interview Prep Buddy

Low-Level Design & Machine Coding Hub

Ace Machine Coding rounds at top tech companies. Master production-grade class structures, concurrency synchronization, SOLID principles, and design patterns.

15Machine Code Projects
10Core LLD Guides
23Design Patterns
45 MinInterview Time Target
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Machine Coding Interview Strategy (45-Minute Playbook)

01. Clarify (5m)

Confirm functional scope, edge cases, input formats, and in-scope vs out-of-scope constraints.

02. Class Model (10m)

Define core entities, attributes, enums, interfaces, and relationships (Composition > Inheritance).

03. Patterns (10m)

Apply Strategy for algorithms, Factory for object creation, and State for lifecycle transitions.

04. Implementation (15m)

Write clean, extensible, modular code with clear method signatures and zero magic numbers.

05. Concurrency (5m)

Add thread safety using `ReentrantLock`, `ConcurrentHashMap`, or `AtomicInteger`.

Machine Coding Projects (15)

Infrastructure LLDMedium

Design a Parking Lot System

Multi-floor parking lot supporting different vehicle types (Compact, SUV, EV, Motorcycle), automated billing, and spot allocation strategies.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
SingletonFactoryStrategyObserver
📦 Key Class Entities:
ParkingLot · ParkingFloor · ParkingSpot · Vehicle · Ticket · PaymentGate
Infrastructure LLDHard

Design an In-Memory Cache (LRU/LFU)

High-concurrency in-memory Key-Value cache with configurable eviction policies (LRU, LFU, FIFO) and thread-safe operations.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
StrategyDoubly LinkedListHashMapReadWriteLock
📦 Key Class Entities:
Cache · EvictionPolicy · DoublyLinkedList · Node · ConcurrentHashMap
Infrastructure LLDHard

Design a Distributed Rate Limiter

Rate limiting library for API endpoints supporting Token Bucket and Leaky Bucket algorithms with sub-millisecond thread safety.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
Token BucketSliding Window LogDecorator
📦 Key Class Entities:
RateLimiter · TokenBucket · SlidingWindow · RequestRules
Machine CodingMedium

Design an Elevator Control System

Multi-elevator scheduling algorithm handling internal/external requests, floor direction states, and dispatching strategies (LOOK/SCAN).

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
StateStrategyDispatcherObserver
📦 Key Class Entities:
ElevatorController · ElevatorCar · InternalButton · ExternalButton · DispatchStrategy
Financial/BookingMedium

Design Expense Sharing (Splitwise)

Group expense tracking system supporting exact amounts, percentages, and bill simplification algorithms to minimize net transactions.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
CompositeObserverMin-Cost Graph Flow
📦 Key Class Entities:
User · Group · Expense · Split · BalanceSheet · SimplificationEngine
Financial/BookingHard

Design Movie Ticket Booking (BookMyShow)

Cinema ticketing platform supporting theater layouts, seat reservation holds, concurrent booking locks, and payment timeouts.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
CommandConcurrency LocksFactoryState
📦 Key Class Entities:
Cinema · Screen · Seat · Show · Booking · PaymentProcessor
Game SystemsEasy

Design Snake and Ladder Game

Multiplayer board game supporting customizable board sizes, multiple dice, snakes, ladders, and win condition evaluation.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
CommandSingletonStrategy
📦 Key Class Entities:
Board · Cell · Snake · Ladder · Dice · Player · GameEngine
Game SystemsEasy

Design Tic-Tac-Toe Game (N x N)

Scalable N x N Tic-Tac-Toe supporting dynamic board size, win evaluation in O(1) time per move, and bot players.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
StrategyObserverState
📦 Key Class Entities:
Board · Piece (X/O) · Player · Game · WinConditionChecker
Machine CodingMedium

Design a Vending Machine

State-driven vending machine handling Ready, Idle, CoinInserted, Dispensing, and OutOfStock state transitions cleanly.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
State PatternChain of ResponsibilityInventory
📦 Key Class Entities:
VendingMachine · State · Inventory · Item · Coin · ChangeCalculator
Financial/BookingMedium

Design an ATM System

ATM banking interface with cash dispenser chain of responsibility ($100, $50, $20 notes), PIN authentication, and card reader.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
StateChain of ResponsibilityDecorator
📦 Key Class Entities:
ATM · Card · Account · CashDispenser · Transaction · BankServer
Game SystemsHard

Design a Chess Game

Object-oriented Chess game with Piece movement validation (Pawn, Knight, Rook, Queen, King), Check/Checkmate logic, and move undo history.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
CommandFactoryStrategyObserver
📦 Key Class Entities:
ChessBoard · Piece · Move · Player · GameStatus · MoveHistory
Financial/BookingMedium

Design Hotel Room Management System

Hotel booking platform managing room types (Deluxe, Suite), housekeeping status, guest reservations, and checkout invoicing.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
FactoryStateStrategy
📦 Key Class Entities:
Hotel · Room · Guest · Reservation · Invoice · HousekeepingState
Infrastructure LLDEasy

Design Library Management System

Book inventory management supporting barcode scanning, member reservations, fine calculations, and overdue notifications.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
ObserverFactoryStrategy
📦 Key Class Entities:
Library · Book · BookItem · Member · Librarian · FineCalculator
Infrastructure LLDMedium

Design a Custom Logging Framework

Logger framework supporting log levels (DEBUG, INFO, ERROR), chain of handlers (Console, File, Cloud), and async buffer flushes.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
Chain of ResponsibilitySingletonAdapter
📦 Key Class Entities:
Logger · LogLevel · LogHandler · ConsoleAppender · FileAppender · LogMessage
Infrastructure LLDMedium

Design a Low-Level Notification Library

Notification engine delivering messages via Push, SMS, and Email with template interpolation, retry mechanisms, and rate limits.

⚙️ Key Design Patterns:
ObserverFactoryStrategyDecorator
📦 Key Class Entities:
NotificationService · ChannelStrategy · TemplateEngine · UserPreference · DeliveryStatus
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